The supply of rice in Indonesia is very dependent on domestic rice production centers. On average during 2019-2021, 98% of rice availability came from domestic production (BPS, 2022). Despite this, rice productivity in Indonesia has experienced relatively low growth over the last 20 years compared to countries with similar per capita rice consumption. The average growth in Indonesia's rice production in that period only reached 0,3%, lower than other countries, such as China (0,7%), India (2,1%), Philippines (2,3%), Vietnam ( 1,1%), and Thailand (1,4%) (FAO, 2022).

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